Smart Cards essays

Smart Cards essays Gemplus is maintaining its industry and staying focused on its research efforts. Gemplus employs over 160 engineers in the development of this smart card. Gemplus has recognized the benefits of there research. Gemplus has also researched with various groups such as the British Library, the open University of the Netherlands and Bureau van Dijk management consultants of Belgium to apply the smart card technology for the protection of intellectual property rights. Gemplus has helped us in our efforts to succeed in the development of the Smart card. Smart Card is a new wallet-sized plastic card, manufactured to ISO standards, with embedded microchip. This new card is able to process data, such as user identification codes, at a transaction site. The smart card holds memory it is a microprocessor card, intelligent card with greater data storage and processing capabilities, allowing certain information to be programmed over and over during the usage period. The smart card also has the capability with contactless cards, the newest area of car development, these cards can transmit data without physically being connected to a card reader. Gemplus is the world leader in the production of this conventional plastic card. Smart Card is a credit card with a brain in it. Through our hard work we have made a smart card that has human like intuitions embedded in a small microchip. This card can be programmed to perform tasks and store information, but note the brain is little-meaning that the smart cards power doesnt compare to that of a computer. I know many of you are wondering how is this possible. How can a card be money with a brain? The basic gist is that banks and customers would have public-key encryption keys. Public-keys come in pairs. A private key is known only to the owner for security purposes the signature is for identification purposes. It can also be used for money orders using a private key and cust ...

Using the Spanish Verb Haber

Using the Spanish Verb Haber Haber is one of the most common verbs in Spanish, used most of the time as an auxiliary or helping verb. Although haber is similar in form to have and is often translated that way, it is unrelated to the English verb. Haber has three main uses as seen below. Haber as an Auxiliary Verb in Compound Tenses When used as an auxiliary verb, haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary to have (which is much different than the English to have when it means to possess). Haber is used to form what is known as the perfect tenses because they refer to actions that have been or will be completed. (Completed used to be a common meaning of perfect.) As in English, the perfect tenses are formed by following a form of haber with a past participle. He comprado un coche. (I have bought a car.) ¿Has estudiado? (Have you studied?)Han salido. (They have left.)Habr salido. (She will have left.)Habrà ­a hablado. (I would have spoken.) In English, it is very common to insert an adverb or another word between the two parts of a compound verb, such as in the sentence he has always gone. But in Spanish (except perhaps in poetry), the two verb parts arent separated. As a beginner, you dont need to learn all the tenses using haber now, but you should be able to recognize haber when it is used. You should also be aware that while the perfect tenses in Spanish and English are quite similar in form, they arent always used in exactly the same way. Haber for There Is or There Are One peculiarity of haber is that it has a unique conjugated form, hay (pronounced basically the same as the English eye) that means there is or there are. Hay una silla en la cocina. (There is one chair in the kitchen.)Hay dos sillas en la cocina. (There are two chairs in the kitchen.) Note that in the above examples, the English there isnt referring to location, but to mere existence. The most common word for there in terms of location is allà ­. Example: Hay una silla allà ­. There is a chair there. Haber can be used in this way in tenses other than the present, although not as commonly. In formal Spanish, as in the second example above, the singular form of the verb is used even when it refers to more than one person or thing. Haber  in Idioms Haber can be used in a number of idioms, which are phrases that have a meaning apart from the meanings of the words in them. The one youll run into most often as a beginner is haber que, which means to be necessary when followed by an infinitive. When used this way in the present tense, the hay form of haber is used. Hay que saltar. (It is necessary to jump.)Hay que conocerlo para comprenderlo. (It is necessary to know him in order to understand him.)Habr que salir a las dos. (It will be necessary to leave at 2 oclock.) Conjugating Haber As is the case with most other common verbs, haber is conjugated irregularly. Here is the conjugation for its present indicative tense, the one used most often. yo (I) he I have tà º (informal singular you) has you have usted (formal singular you), à ©l (he), ella (she) ha (sometimes hay) you have, he has, she has nosotros, nosotras (we) hemos we have vosotros, vosotras (informal plural you) habà ©is you have ustedes (formal plural you), ellos, ellas (they) han (sometimes hay) you have, they have